The Bull River property is located 23 kilometres due west of Fernie, extending north from the Bull River, astride Burntbridge Creek, between 900 and 1070 metres elevation.
The Bull River mine mineralized zones comprise a vertical to sub-vertical network of sulphide-bearing quartz-carbonate veins striking approximately east-west hosted in sheared and brecciated Aldridge Formation sediments. The vein systems form complex networks within, and adjacent to the shear zone and often encompass crushed, deformed, and brecciated host rocks. Host rocks are either partly silicified and chloritized argillites, argillaceous quartzites and quartzites (Masters, 1990). The veins pinch and swell, forming stockworks or thick tabular bodies often cut by smaller veins and stringers of quartz and quartz-siderite.
The main vein structure and associated stringer zones can range from a few centimetres to 30 metres wide. Five zones are defined, as being subparallel to en echelon "vein systems" and differentiated them from the Pit Zone that lies within the footwall. Mineralization consists of pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite with minor local galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, and cobaltite and traces of tetrahedrite and native gold. Sulphides range from massive, irregular bodies within the vein system to thin discontinuous veins, veinlets, and disseminations in the host rock. Malachite and azurite coat fractures in both vein and country rock as secondary minerals. Chalcopyrite is observed as fracture-fillings in less weathered host rocks.
The veins are concentrated in highly fractured and sheared zones in dark grey laminated argillites and quartzites of the. The major veins ranged from 0.3 to 6 metres in width. The sediments are characterized by bands rich in fine, well-crystallized pyrite. The area is also intersected by dikes which are spatially related to mineralization. Another zone of mineralization is reported approximately 300 metres northeast of the Bull River mine portal. At this location several unnamed trenches, pits, and an adit are reported to expose east trending and vertically dipping quartz siderite veins up to 60 centimetres in width that can be traced for several hundred metres. The veining occurs within and along the contacts of the most northerly diorite dike that crosses the property and contains locally semi-massive galena and minor chalcopyrite.
Gangue mineralogy of the veins is variable, with the eastern parts of the deposit consisting of quartz and siderite. The western part of the vein system is dominated by siderite.
The Bul River deposit has been described as a Churchill-type vein copper silver deposit. These types frequently occur in Proterozoic-age extensional sedimentary basins, Churchill-type deposits are associated with rifting, can comprise single vein to complicated vein systems that vary from centimetres to tens of metres in width, and can extend hundreds of metres along strike and down dip. Commonly hosted in clastic meta sediments, veins and vein systems are often spatially associated with mafic dikes and sills. The veins are generally associated with major faults related to a crustal extension that controls the ascent of hydrothermal fluids to favourable sites for metal deposition. Fluids are believed to be derived from those mafic intrusives that are associated with the vein systems.
Work in 1969, including 5415 metres of surface diamond drilling in 45 holes. indicated two orebodies amenable to open pit mining. A 750-ton per day mill was built and milling operations commenced on October 1, 1971. Mining had begun in Pit 2 in August with commencement of overburden removal. Exploratory drilling totalling 1168 metres was done in the vicinity of the tailings pond. Preproduction stripping of No. 1 pit began in 1972. Mining in No. 2 pit was completed in April 1973 and operations transferred to No. 1 pit. After completion of No. 2 pit, the pit was backfilled with material from No. 1 pit and almost completely refilled. Mining ceased in March 1974 because of depletion of open pit ore reserves. Milling of stockpiled ore continued until June 10th, 1974, when operations ceased.
In the 1995 program exploration area in the Bul River Mine area, several en echelon mineralized zones were identified in two clusters (groups). The main group is denoted as the “Central Section” of the Underground Zone, while the other group further to the west, but in the same strike direction has been located and identified as the “Western Section” of the Underground Zone. In between the two groups there was a gap in information that did not allow the determination of whether these two groups were connected along strike or were offset by faulting. Drillhole BR 1-95 was put down to test the gap area which resulted in the confirmation of the continuity of the two zones. The collar of BR 2-95 was located at the intersection of the strike projection of the "Western Section” of the Underground Zone and a 300 meter long, north trending, axis of a magnetic anomaly. BR 2-95 did not intersect the Main Shear (Mineralization) Zone due to deep overburden and the potential depth to targets.
PRODUCTION:
Although milling operations began in October 1971 there is no available record of production for that year. During the period 1972-1974 inclusive, 471,900 tonnes of ore were milled. From this ore, 126,123 grams (4,055 ounces) of gold, 6,353,628 grams (204,277 ounces of silver) and 7,256,050 kilograms (15,996,937 pounds) of copper were recovered. The mine was operated by Placid Oil Company, and they ceased operations July 18, 1974. The following production data is from BC METAL MM00523:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------YEAR Tonnes mined Tonnes milled Grams Gold Grams Silver Kilograms Copper 1971 21574 0 0 0 0 1972 172905 187179 32254 1614526 1976419 1973 238039 187616 54928 2758587 3272229 1974 39381 97104 38941 1980515 2007402 Total 471899 471899 126123 6353628 7256050 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
RESERVES/RESOURCES:
In order to determine the feasibility of mining the underground reserves the company elected to sink a 200-metre exploration decline to intersect zone A, however, after several abortive attempts to collar the portal, the program was abandoned due to very blocky ground which could not be economically stabilized. Reserves were reported as 90,720 tonnes at 1.3 per cent copper, 0.31 gram per tonne gold, 21.77 grams per tonne silver (EMPR Reserves Map, 1984). Although milling operations began in October 1971 there is no available record of production for that year.
Inferred (proven/probable/possible) reserves at Bull River were 2 million tonnes of copper-silver-gold ore (grade not given) (Open File 1992-1).
H.R. Stanfield acquired the Bull River mine and property from Placid Oil Co., who reported resources of 664,500 tonnes averaging 1.94 per cent copper, at a 1.00 per cent copper cut-off and minimum thickness of 1.2 metres (Assessment Report 23786).
In 1997, a new Bull River mine tonnage was reported to total 7.89 million tonnes. Tonnages were broken down according to "Reserve Area" consisting of "East", "Central" and "Western" and further broken down by "Reserve Type" defined as Drill Proven, Drill Indicated, Drill Inferred and Drill Possible. Grades were not reported (1997 (internal) Exploration Report for Gallowai Metal Mining Corporation for work conducted on the Stanfield Group, September 22, 1997 (see Property File Document (PFD 676699)).
Measured and indicated resources are reported as 5.3 million tonnes, averaging 2.25 per cent copper, 36.34 grams per tonne silver and 12.0 grams per tonne gold (Bul River Mineral Corporation, 1998; Exploration in BC 1998, page 69). Calculation details are unavailable.
In November 2018, an updated mineral resource estimate for the Bull River deposit was reported at 2.179 million tonnes indicated grading 1.517 copper, 0.352 gram per tonne gold and 12.2 grams per tonne silver and 0.513 million tonnes inferred grading 1.279 per cent copper, 0.284 gram per tonne gold and 8.7 grams per tonne silver, using a 0.6 per cent copper equivalent cut-off grade and a minimum mining width of 2.5 metres (Bird, S. (2019-01-22): NI43-101 Technical Report - Gallowai-Bul River Resource Estimate).
In 2021, a new mineral resource was calculated for the Bull River Mine based on a 0.9 per cent copper equivalent cut-off grade for both indicated and inferred classifications (Press Release, Braveheart Resources Inc., December 8, 2021). An indicated resource of 2,261,000 tonnes grading 1.796 per cent copper, 0.422 gram per tonne gold and 15.3 grams per tonne silver was estimated, with an overall copper equivalent value of 2.132 per cent. An inferred resource of 1,356,000 tonnes grading 1.598 per cent copper, 0.417 gram per tonne gold and 13.6 gram per silver was estimated with an overall copper equivalent value of 1.918 per cent.
WORK HISTORY (including that of the Stanfield's Bull River property)
Several claims were located in the vicinity of Burntbridge Creek in about 1896. The Silver Chief, Silver Reef, and Silver Buckeye claims were owned by David Griffith of Wild Horse Creek. Development work was done in a 30-metre crosscut adit and 4.5-metre shaft. The Daisy Fr. claim, owned by Thomas Bevans, was developed by shallow pits and open cuts. The Silver Chief (Lot 3548) and Sirdar (Lot 3554) were Crown-granted to Dave Griffith in 1899.
In 1898, early prospects are described under the heading “Sand Creek", "Bull River”, and “Burntbridge Creek” (Minister of Mines Annual Report 1898, pages 1002-1003). In 1899, early prospects were described under heading “Ft. Steele Mining Division” and “Crown Grants Issued in 1899” (Minister of Mines Annual Report 1899, pages 660, 841). In 1900, early development work was done on two prospects, the Star and Old Abe groups (Minister of Mines Annual Report 1900, page 798).
No further activity was reported until 1927 when the Silver Chief, Sirdar, and Khedive claims were owned by A.B. Fenwick of Bull River. The workings at that time included a crosscut adit about 40 metres in length.
In 1929, the Empire and Strathcona properties (082GSW015) (were reviewed and an update on work is reported ((Minister of Mines Annual Report 1929, pages 298). In 1930, a general overview of property ownership and development work for the Empire and Strathcona copper prospects are reported. Ore grade assays from a composite sample are provided ((Minister of Mines Annual Report 1930, pages 243, 378). In 1937, the copper-silver deposits are described under the “South-East Kootenay Area” providing a detailed overview of development on the “Burnt Group” (Minister of Mines Annual Report 1937, pages E41-E42 and 142).
In 1965, the first documentation of R.H. Stanfield as President of the Altamont Exploration Company occurs, with respect to work on the Empire and Strathcona prospects. Five diamond-drill holes, totalling 365 metres were completed on the ore body. Old adits were opened and investigated ((Minister of Mines Annual Report 1965, page 199). In 1966, nine BX-WL holes totalling 1219.2 metres of surface drilling and four holes totalling 213.3 metre of underground drilling in the tram-line tunnel were completed by Altamont Exploration on the Empire and Strathcona prospects (Minister of Mines Annual Report 1966, page 242).
In 1968, Mineral Lease M-69 comprising Lots 14717-14752, which included the Big Bonanza 1-4, June 1-6, and Bonanza 1-30 claims, were held by J. Van Koughnett. Placid Oil Company optioned the property and during 1968 carried out geological mapping, a magnetometer survey, trenching and stripping. Several old pits and 460 metres of old adit were cleaned out. Diamond drilling was done in 23 surface holes (2260 metres) and 5 underground holes (310 metres). The property was expanded to include 62 located claims. Exploration work during 1969 included soil sampling, induced polarization, and electromagnetic surveys, and 5415 metres of surface diamond drilling in 45 holes. This work indicated two orebodies amenable to open pit mining. A 750-ton per day mill was built and milling operations commenced on October 1, 1971. Mining had begun in Pit 2 in August with commencement of overburden removal. Exploratory drilling totalling 1168 metres was done in the vicinity of the tailings pond. Preproduction stripping of No. 1 pit began in 1972. Mining in No. 2 pit was completed in April 1973 and operations transferred to No. 1 pit. After completion of No. 2 pit, the pit was backfilled with material from No. 1 pit and almost completely refilled. Mining ceased in March 1974 because of depletion of open pit ore reserves. Milling of stockpiled ore continued until June 10th, 1974, when operations ceased.
In 1971, Rio Alto Exploration Inc completed geochemical surveying on the Bull River prospect (Assessment Report 3436), and the Sand Creek Area “B” prospect (Jessie (082GSW014) (Assessment Report 3439).
In 1972, geological field mapping and air photo interpretation on New Max 1-8, New Dam 1-6 mineral claims and the Providence Crown Grant claim, located 1.6 to 3 kilometres east of Placid Oil Company's Bull River Mine for Placid Oil Minerals (Assessment Report 3700).
In 1972, a seismic refraction survey for Rio Alto Exploration Inc was completed in the Cranbrook area (Assessment Report 3929). A total of 10 complete set-ups, each 168 metres long, were surveyed to determine depth to bedrock, and locate the position of the Bull River Fault.
In 1973, Internal Report #1973-01-RHS, Report on the Holdings of R.H. Stanfield was completed. In 1974, Internal Report #1974-03-FORT), Report on the Ross Claim Groups, (Galloway Property) for Fort Steele Mining Corporation was completed.
Ross Stanfield purchased the assets of Dalton Mine from Placid Oil Co. in 1976, transferring it almost immediately to Bul River Mines.
In 1976, two diamond-drill holes (76-3 and 76-4) totalling 654.4 metres were completed on the Ross Group #2 for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 5900).
In 1976, churn drilling in overburden was completed on the Lillea #1 to #4 for R.H. Stanfield, to a depth of 35 metres (Assessment Report 5904). Samples were collected approximately every metre.
In 1976, one diamond-drill hole (a continuation of 76-4) was completed to a depth of 152.4 metres on the Ross #36 (Altamont or Ross group) for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 5905).
In 1976, one diamond-drill hole (76-6) totalling 145.9 metres was completed on the Treasure Group for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 5906).
In 1976, two drill holes (76-9 and 76-11) totalling 145.9 metres were completed on the Pit Group #2 for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 5942).
In 1976, Internal Report # 1976-03-RHS was completed on the geology and ore potential of the holdings of R.H. Stanfield.
In 1977, diamond-drill hole (76-8, 76-10 and 76-10A) totalling 800.7 metres was completed on the Rossco 9 claim for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 6031). Hole 76-10A was a restart of hole 76-10 at 373 metres after being wedged at at 444 metres. Hole 10 (or 10A) finished at 648.3 metres depth.
In 1977, diamond-drill hole 76-10B, on the Sunbeam Group (Rossco 9 claim) of R.H. Stanfield, extended drill hole 10 by another 467 metres to end of hole at 1138 metres (Assessment Report 6224). Apparently, the hole was re-entered (or continued) as hole 76-10C at 3673 feet (1119 metres), and ended at 3930 feet (1198 metres) well east of Rossco 9, below Rossco 42 claim.
In 1978, an airborne geophysical survey totaling 92.5-line kilometres was conducted on the Steeples 21 claim located about 4 kilometres west of the Bull River mine, on behalf of R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 7086). The survey consisted of aerial infrared photography and ground VLF electromagnetic surveying. Results were reported to be negative.
In 1979, one diamond-drill hole (BR 1-79) was completed on the Steeples 2 claims just east of the Bull River mine, totalling 614.4 metres (Assessment Report 8014 and 8584). From 167 metres to the bottom of the hole, broken and altered sections were encountered containing blebs, veins, and fracture-fillings of quartz-siderite with pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and galena. These narrow sections were not sampled.
In 1979, 134 line-kilometres of VLF-EM surveying and 38 kilometres of ground magnetic surveying were completed on two grids on the Cedar and Dogwood claims (Assessment Report 8137). Also, one NQ diamond-drill hole was completed to a depth of 15 metres in hole 6-79 on the eastern edge of the Dogwood 13 claim about 2 kilometres north of the OK showing (082GSW055). Churn-drilling also tested 27 metres of overburden in two holes. Work was focused on northwesterly extension of the copper-silver deposits found on the Strathcona and Empire Crown granted mineral claims. A well-defined conductor was detected over a length of 1000 metres along the north boundary of the grid zone on the Cedar 5 and Dogwood 12 claims.
In 1980, one south-dipping drillhole (BR-1-80) was completed to a length of 1545 metres. The hole was cased for 6.7 metres to bedrock and drilled for 195 metres with NQW equipment where it was reduced to BQW equipment for an additional 1350 metres (Assessment Report 8695). The top 966 metres were drilled within the Steeples 11 claim (Bull River Mine area), after which it entered across the Steeple 11-Aspen 9 claim boundary (and below) on to the Aspen 9 claim (Bull River mine area) (Assessment Report 8531). From a depth of 50 metres to bottom, shears and fractures, narrow quartz-siderite veins, and associated sulphide mineralization was evident. The sulphides were reported to be mostly pyrite and pyrrhotite with lesser chalcopyrite, bornite and very minor galena. Assessment Report 8695 describes core retrieved from the bottom 369 metres of drillhole BR 1-80 (on the Aspen claim), which was reported to have bottomed at a depth of 1345 metres vertically below the surface). No assays were given.
In 1980, for R.H. Stanfield, diamond-drill hole B-2-80 was put down on the Dogwood 12 claim totalling 92.37 metres (abandoned); and churn-drill hole #2 was drilled into the Cedar 1 claim totalling 36.0 metres (Assessment Report 9486). Both diamond-drill B-2-80 and churn-drill hole 2 did not reach bedrock.
In 1982, Assessment Report 10304 reported on 6 diamond-drill holes completed on the Cedar 8 and 10 claims of the R.H. Stanfield property in 1979 and 1980 totalling 5997 metres: 1-79, 2-79, 3-79, 4-79, 5-79 and 2-80 (Assessment Report 10304). The Cedar 8 and 10 claims were centrally located on the property with holes 4 and 5 located near the access road up #4 Mountain and the adit tunnel on the G zone (Cedar, 082GSW054). Holes 1, 2 and 3 were a short distance up Little Sand Creek on a branch road. The 6 drill holes were thought to have penetrated upper and probably middle Aldridge strata. All rock types were reported to contain disseminations, fracture fillings, very thin strata stringers, quartz veins and quartz siderite veins carrying pyrite and pyrrhotite along with minor chalcopyrite and limited blebs of galena. The mineralization was examined megascopically but no sections were taken for sampling.
In 1982, a helicopter–borne electromagnetic and magnetic survey was completed on the R.H. Stanfield property for R.H. Stanfield. Seven selected grids were flown over 68 claims by 1662 flight line kilometres. Claim blocks included Aspen 1-8, 11,12; Balsam 1-12; Cedar 1-4; Cedar South; Dogwood 1-9, 11,13, 15-18; Elderberry 1-12; Elderberry South; and Fir 9-12, 14 (Figure 1, Assessment Report 10570A). MINFILE occurrences covered in the survey were 082GSW002, 013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018 and 040. A strong NE trending magnetic high was found through the northeast corner of Cedar 6 through Cedar 7 up to Cedar 11. Eight target areas were indicated by the geophysical data for follow-up.
In 1983, a 380-line-kilometre VLF electromagnetic and magnetic airborne survey was flown for R.H. Stanfield over the Galloway area and included the following claims: Balsam 1-4 & 5-12, Cedar 1 & 2, Cedar South 1 & 2, Elderberry 1, Elderberry South 1& 2 (Assessment Report 11681A and B). Diagrams show this survey to have covered the Bull River Mine area and a significant area extending southeast to the Elk River. The magnetic field configuration was reported to be flat. However, an anomalous conductive response was recorded on the Elderberry, Elderberry 3 and Fir 6 claims that warranted investigation. The inferred strike length of the anomaly was over 2 kilometers.
In 1983/1984, a literature search and one day was spent on the Bull mineral claim looking for outcrop, with no success (Assessment Report 12414).
In 1986, R.H. Stanfield had rotary drilling conducted near the Bull River mine (Assessment Report 15471). Two holes were put down on the Steeples 12 claim totalling 162 metres and five rotary drillholes were drilled through overburden totalling 184 metres. Holes 12 and 12A were drilled approximately 3,000 metres west from the mine workings. Results were not significant.
In 1986, 463 metres of drilling in 4 rotary-drill holes were completed on the northeasterly area of the Aspen 9 mineral claim including two deep vertical rotary holes, with short sections cored and two short test holes (Assessment Report 15624). The drill area is about 600 metres southeast from the Bull River mine. Drilling was reported to have intersected black argillite of the Aldridge Formation, up to 270 metres in thickness.
In 1986, vertical rotary-drill holes, totalling 131 metres were completed on the Aspen 11 claim on behalf of R.H. Rutherford (Assessment Report 15852). The holes failed to reach bedrock.
In 1986, two percussion rotary holes totalling 47.2 metres were drilled on the northeast area of the Cedar 1 claim for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 16221). The holes did not reach bedrock due to difficult drilling in coarse and loose material.
In 1986, one diamond-drill hole (C-10-1-86) on the Cedar 10 claim, totalling 801 metres, was drilled from a depth of 545 to 1346 metres on behalf of R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 16222). Diamond drill hole C-10-1-86 penetrated uniform Aldridge Formation rock composed of thin banded grey and black argillite. Pyrite, pyrrhotite and minor chalcopyrite, in thin fractures, blebs and quartz-siderite veinlets were evident throughout the length of the hole.
In 1987, one percussion drillhole (P-D-10-87) totaling 56.4 metre was drilled for R.H. Stanfield on the Dogwood 10 claim (Assessment Report 16235). The hole attempted to penetrate Aldridge Formation argillite and argillaceous quartzite near the historic Strathcona-Empire prospect (082GSW015). Because of difficult drilling the hole was abandoned before hitting bedrock.
In 1987, two rotary-drill holes totalling 246.2 metre were drilled on the Cedar 3 claim on behalf of R.H. Stanfield. Drill hole C3-1-87 penetrated Aldridge argillaceous quartzite bedrock to a depth of 122 8 metres (Assessment Report 17757). Drill hole C3-2-87 located about 500 metres farther southwest may have only penetrated overburden or strongly sheared and fractured ground near a major fault.
In 1987, one rotary-drill hole (D8-1-87) totalling 122.8 metres and 13.0 kilometres of road work was completed on the Dogwood 8 claim for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 17758), in the Jessie/Copper Peacock Copper area (082GSW014 and 082GSW017). The hole was drilled 2000 metres southwest of the Strathcona-Empire prospect. Intersected bedrock consisted of grey-banded argillaceous quartzite and quartzite of the Aldridge Formation. Fractures carried pyrite and pyrrhotite with quartz, siderite and calcite gangue.
In 1987, one rotary-drill hole totalling 183.7 metres was drilled vertically for R.H. Stanfield on on the Dogwood 5 claim (Assessment Report 17813). The Don copper-silver showings (082GSW048) had been partially exposed by one shaft, trenches and one diamond drill hole located 600 metres southeast of the D5-1-87 hole. The Canadian Western Colleries drilled near the Don shaft in 1956 intersecting nine metres of copper silver mineralization.
In 1988, two rotary-drill holes totalling 110.5 metres were completed on the Cedar 8 Claim for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 17850). The highgrade silver-lead G zone (082GSW054) is located on the northeast area of the Cedar 8 claim. Highgrade silver lead mineralization was exposed at the northeast area of the Cedar 8 claim. A 12-metre adit tunnel was driven easterly on a fissure zone 3 to 5 metres wide. An adit tunnel was located 6 metres north in more stable ground and directed nearly parallel to the mineralized zone for 30 metres. It was then directed 30 metres back to penetrate the mineralized zone. One flat hole was diamond drilled southerly underground 12 metres from the face of the tunnel to check the width and grade of the mineralized zone. To check the geology of the area east of the showings, holes CB-G2-88 and CB-G3-88 were drilled with rotary drill equipment to depths of 61.8 and 48.7 metres. Sheared and altered Aldridge argillaceous quartzite was penetrated in both vertical holes. Quartz stringers and quartz siderite fracture fillings contain pyrite and pyrrhotite and some chalcopyrite end galena.
In 1988, one rotary drillhole (A-9-1-88) on the Aspen 9 claim of R.H. Stanfield was abandoned (A-9-1-88) at 91.4 metres (Assessment Report 18368). Bedrock was not reached (Assessment Report 18227).
In November 1988, diamond-drill hole BR 3-87 was deepened from 739.8 metre to 1119.2 metres, totalling 379.4 metres. This hole was located on Lot 14743, about 1.5 kilometres east of the Bull River mine (082NW002). At the time Lot 14743 was surrounded by the Steeples 11 claim to the north and east (Figure No.2, Assessment Report 18368). This drillhole intersected argillite hosting thin veinlets, fractures and disseminations or pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, quartz or calcite. Seven rotary drillholes (totalling 679 metres) were also completed on various Steeples claims scattered over various distances and directions from the Bull River mine (Assessment Report 18368). Most of the rotary holes ended in overburden. Work was completed by Bul River Mineral Corp., on the holdings of R.H. Stanfield.
In 1988, 10 drill Holes (C3-88, C8-G-1-88, D1-1-88, D2-2-88, D10-1, D10-2, D10-PP1, D10-PP2) totalling 544.8 metres, were completed on the Cedar 1A, Cedar 3A, Dogwood 1A, Dogwood 4 Groups for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 19034). A vertical rotary hole was drilled on the Cedar 3 claim (see Mountain, 082GSW047) in 1988 and one hole was drilled on the Cedar 8 (082GSW054) claim in 1988. In 1988, 4 rotary holes were drilled on the Dogwood 12 claim and 4 holes were drilled on the Dogwood 10 claim but did not reach bedrock. Road work and erosion control was completed over the Dogwood 9 and 11 claims and the Cedar 1,3 and 5 claims in 1988 and 1989. Only hole (C8-G-1-88) reached bedrock. Mineralized showings were reported to be partly exposed on the following claims with occurrence name: Cedar 3 claim, Rex and Dean showing (copper, gold, silver); Cedar 8 claim, G-zone (silver, lead); Cedar 10 claim, Great Western (gold, silver, lead); Dogwood 9 and 10 claims , Strathcona and Empire (copper, silver, copper); Dogwood 9 claim, Burt (silver, lead, zinc); Dogwood 11 claim, OK (silver, lead, zinc); Dogwood 8 claim, Treasure 4 (silver, gold).
Rotary hole C3-88 was drilled in the central eastern area of the Cedar #3 claim to a depth of 71.6 metres, between the Rex and Dean (Mountain, 082GSW047) copper, silver, gold showings. C3-88 did not reach bedrock. Rotary hole C8 G-1-88 on the northeast area of Cedar 8 claim to a depth of 141.1 metres. It is collared 250 metres northwest of the highgrade silver, lead G Zone. The hole penetrated black argillite of the Aldridge formation. Rotary holes Dl-01-88, D1-02-88 and D10-P1 and P-2 were drilled in the northwest quarter of the Dogwood 10 claim, 1500 metres northwest of the Strathcona-Empire workings. The four holes were drilled to depths of 41.1, 40.2 and 92 metres but did not reach bedrock. The holes were 3 metres apart. Rotary holes 12-1 and 12-2-88 and D-1-88 and D-2-88 are collared on the southwest quarter of the Dogwood 12 claim, 2500 metres northwest from the Strathcona Empire copper, gold workings. The holes are spaced 3 metres apart and drilled to 25.9, 71.6, 12.1 and 18.2 metres depth, none of which reached bedrock.
In 1989, one diamond drill hole (BR5-89) totalling 68.5 metres and 15 cyclone rotary air-mud drill holes totalling 512 metres were completed on the Steeples claim group for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 19651). Hole BR589 was drilled in the vicinity of the Bull River mine open pits, seven holes were drilled in the Bull River valley from the Steeples 2 to the Steeples 10 claims and eight holes from the Little Bull River area on the Steeples 21 claim, northwesterly to the Horseshoe Creek Valley in the northeast area of the Steeples 39 claim. Various formations were intersected. No rocks were sent for assay.
In 1990, two percussion-drill holes (A1-90 and A2-90) totaling 91.4 metres were completed on the Aspen 9 for R.H. Stanfield with intention to drill to bedrock followed by extension by diamond-drill (Assessment Report 20796). No record of extension was reported.
In 1991, 1206 line-kilometres of airborne electromagnetic (DIGHEM) survey completed for Bul River Mineral Corporation Ltd. (R.H. Stanfield) identified several anomalies on the Steeples claim block and portions of the Aspen claim block (Assessment Report 21155). The survey covered Bull River (082GNW002), Copper King (082GNW006), Cuckoo (082GNW028), Trilby (082GNW072), Old Abe (082GNW103), Bull River Gypsum (082GSW031), and Aspen (082GSW033).
In 1991, two percussion holes (D5-1-91 and D5-2-92) totalling 123.8 metres were completed on the Dogwood 5 claim (Don showing (082GSW048)) for R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 21737). Both holes intersected a zone (or zones) of quartz/siderite veining with varying amounts of sulphides consisting of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite.
In 1992, diamond-drill hole (BR-3-92) re-entered a previously drilled (1990) percussion hole (BC2) that had been cased to bedrock at end of hole at 262.74 metres. The diamond-drill drilled a further 339.86 metres vertically to the end of hole at 602.6 metres. The hole was located on the east bank of Burntbridge Creek on the Steeples 12 claim (Bull River Mine area) held by R.H. Stanfield (Assessment Report 22781). Drilling intersected mainly argillite and argillaceous quartzite. Rare pyrite stringers were noted around 317 metres and disseminated pyrite noted from 324 to 34 6 metres. No core sampling was reported. Some pyrite stringers also noted in the 518- to 581-metre interval.
In 1992, one drill hole (C-1-92) totalling 1058.2 metres was completed for owner R.H. Stanfield on the Cedar 3 claim (Assessment Report 22997). The hole was drilled through a pre-percussed casing to bedrock of 187.76 metres, located about 1 kilometre west of Mountain (082GSW047). More strongly mineralized ground is reported to found at depth beneath the re-cemented fault, though only pyrite and pyrrhotite have been reported.
In 1992, owner R.H. Stanfield completed a 337 line-kilometre DIGHEM Airborne Survey on his Big Bear Property consisting of the Balsam 1A, Balsam 2A, Cedar 2A, Cedar 3A and Dogwood 3A claim blocks; a further 65 line-kilometres were completed on the Sand Creek Block (Assessment Report 23012). The surveyed showed several anomalous features, which are considered to be of moderate to high priority as exploration targets. An area designated Zone A on the Electromagnetic Anomalies map is reported to coincide closely with the known exposures within the Aldridge Formation. This DIGHEM located a distinct high magnetic trend over the same location as found in the 1982 airborne survey over the northeast corner of Cedar 6 through Cedar 7 up to Cedar 11.
In 1993, one drillhole (BR-2-93) was completed for R.H. Stanfield on the Steeples 11 claim to a depth of 690.9 metres (Assessment Report 23615). The hole was located on the northern edge of the old Placid-Bull River Mine tailings impoundment area immediately to the south of Old Pit #1 on that pit's eastern edge. BR 2.93 successfully intersected two mineralized structures at shallow depth. These were at 107.6-109.4 metres and 113.4-117.3 metres.
In 1994, R.H. Stanfield conducted an investigation of commercial feldspar resources on the Aspen 9, 10, 11 and 12 claims. Re-logging of 1987 drillcore from hole A11-1-87 was completed (Assessment Report 23602). The hole was initially drilled to a depth of 532 metres at the northeast corner of the Aspen 11 claim. In addition, in 1994, the approximate areal extent of the feldspar porphyry was determined by mapping of outcrops and two percussion drill holes were completed to determine the depth and grade of the feldspar porphyry intrusion. These holes (A10-1-94 and All-1-94) were drilled on the Aspen 10 and Aspen 11 claims respectively. Grab samples of the cuttings were collected for every two-foot (0.61 metre) interval. Composites of the cuttings were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements after complete fusion of minus 150 mesh pulverised pulps using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The alumina content must be in excess of 23 per cent and alkali content in excess of 14 per cent. The alumina content was just below that required.
In 1994, one rotary percussion-drill hole (BR-2-94) was completed for R.H. Stanfield on the Steeples 12 claim to a depth of 291.4 metres (Assessment Report 23632). The hole is sited to the west of Burntbridge Creek on the immediate east of the access road to the Old Abe adit. PBR 2-94 was reported to have successfully landed cased pipe onto/into bedrock for the future advancement of the hole by a diamond core recovery drill.
From 1992 to 1994, five diamond-drill holes for R.H. Stanfield on the Steeples 11 and 12 claims were completed (BR-1-92, BR-2-92, BR-4-92/93, BR-1-93, BR-1-94) totalling 4106.8 metre (including 978.7 metres of percussion drilling to pre-drill through overburden) (Assessment Report 23786). Stanfield Group drilling proceeded, according to the company, to define depth extensions to previously define reserves (082GNW002). The company reports, “Step out drilling has now extended the company knowledge of these structures which exist singly or in multiple "en echelon" systems from the westernmost occurrence to the last significant easterly occurrence in excess of 1500 metres and to depths exceeding 600 metres.”
In 1995, two diamond-drill holes (BR 1-95, BR 2-95) totaling 1910.4 metres were completed for R.H. Stanfield on the Steeples 11 and 12 claims (Assessment Report 24240). In the 1995 program exploration area at the old Bul River Mine area, several en echelon mineralized zones were identified in two clusters (groups). The main group is denoted as the “Central Section” of the Underground Zone, while the other group further to the west, but in the same strike direction has been located and identified as the “Western Section” of the Underground Zone. In between the two groups there was a gap in information that did not allow the determination of whether these two groups were connected along strike or were offset by faulting. Drillhole BR 1-95 was put down to test the gap area which resulted in the confirmation of the continuity of the two zones. The collar of BR 2-95 was located at the intersection of the strike projection of the "Western Section” of the Underground Zone and a 300 meter long, north trending, axis of a magnetic anomaly. BR 2-95 did not intersect the Main Shear (Mineralization) Zone due to deep overburden and the potential depth to targets. (The Pit and Underground zones are characterized on page 3 to 6 of Assessment Report 24240).
In 1996, R.H. Stanfield and Associates (Bul River Mineral Corp.) commenced excavation of a 1500-metre decline to provide access for underground drilling and sampling of Bull River mine.
In 1996, eight rotary-drill holes (F5-96, F6-96, F7,96, F8-96, F9-96, F10-96, F11-96, F12-96) totaling 1083.4 metres were completed for R.H. Stanfield on the Aspen 11 and 13 claims (Assessment Report 25191). These holes were completed to add to previous work on the feldspar porphyry intrusion done in 1994, towards outlining a commercial feldspar resource.
In 1996 and 1997, one diamond-drill hole totaling 667.3 metres and 2 percussion-holes total 373.4 metres (C8-1-96/97 and C8-2-96/97) were completed for R.H. Stanfield on the Cedar 7 claim (Assessment Report 25129). These two drill holes were located on the magnetic high indicated by the 1982 and 1992 airborne survey. Drilling the magnetic anomaly did not reveal the cause and extending the holes to greater depth was recommended. In 1998, diamond-drill hole C8-1-96/97 was extended 700.4 metres to final length of 1425.2 metres (Assessment Report 25637). No new evidence explaining the magnetic high was found.
In 1997, the Pleasant Surprise mineral claim was staked Charles Claude Downie to cover three historical Crown Grants that came open for staking (Assessment Report 25678). The claims consist of 6 units and cover a package of Devonian to Mississippian limestones and dolomites and Precambrian Aldridge Formation argillite and quartzite. The claims straddle the lower part of the Bull River. One day was spent prospecting and 4 rock samples were collected in 1998. The Pleasant Surprise claims cover, in part, the Bull River gypsum deposit (082GSW031) was located on lease 7806. The deposit saw production in 1937 when 317 tonnes of gypsum was shipped for testing. The historic Bull River mine (082NW002) is located about 1 kilometre east of the northeast boundary of the Pleasant Surprise claims. In 2000, Downie completed a one-day field program consisting of soil, rock, and silt sampling, as well as 1:1000 scale geological mapping (Assessment Report 26323).
In 1998, Bul River Mineral Corporation's exploration activity included 1100 metres on the 16 per cent decline (total 2000 metres), 725 metres level advance, 195 metres raise bore, 6508 metres of underground BQTK diamond drilling, 1144 metres of surface diamond drilling, and 367 metres of percussion drilling. Measured and indicated resources are reported as 5.3 million tonnes, averaging 2.25 per cent copper, 36.34 grams per tonne silver and 12.0 grams per tonne gold (Bul River Mineral Corporation, 1998; Exploration in BC 1998, page 69). Calculation details are unavailable.
In 1998, one diamond-drill hole (A9-1-98) totaling 833.7 metres and 1 percussion hole (A9WW-98) totaling 65.5 metres were completed for R.H. Stanfield on the Aspen 9 claim (Assessment Report 25683A). Hole A9-1-98 was drilled in order determine the depth to the Boundary Fault and whether the footwall sequence is the same Aldridge sequence found north of the river. The Boundary Fault was intersected as was the presence of a dioritic(?) dike in the footwall of the fault. Later in 1998, DDH A9-1-98 was extended a further 498 metres to a depth of (Assessment Report 25881A). It was reported that the extension of the drill hole allowed intersection of the footwall side of the Boundary Fault where argillaceous sediments similar to the Aldridge sequence at Bul River Mine were intersected. The end of hole was at 1298.18 metres. Some pyrite and pyrrhote as stringers and disseminations were reported but no sampling was done.
By December 1999 the decline had advanced approximately 3800 metres to the 900-foot level from surface. The company reported they spent $11.5 million in 1999 on underground development, bulk sampling, and analytical work. This included extending the decline by 554 metres, 1424 metres of level development, 11,169 metres of underground drilling, 1741 metres of surface drilling, and a 306-metre raise. Ministry geologists visited the site in June 1999 and took ten splits of mineralized vein material from three diamond-drill holes and five rock chip samples from veins exposed in the underground workings at the 300 and 500 levels for independent assay. The median gold grade returned by fire assay from ten mineralized core samples was 0.28 gram per tonne with the best intersect being 4.77 grams per tonne over 1.1 metres. Neutron activation results were in close agreement with those by fire assay. (Geological Fieldwork 1999, pp. 307-313).
In 2000, one underground diamond-drill hole (BRU00-60) totaling 366.3 metres was completed for R.H. Stanfield on Mineral Lease 93 and Steeples 11 (Assessment Report 26638A). This exploratory underground drill hole within the Gallowai-Bul River Mine (Mining Lease-93) workings was initiated to ascertain possible economic mineralization to the west of the underground operation. The dominant intersected lithologies are part of the Aldridge Formation, consisting of interbedded argillites to quartzites (turbidites). A dioritic(?) sill/vein, possibly belonging to the Moyie Group, containing 5.3 metres carbonate-rich vein (refer to drill log in Appendix 1 and Figure 6) was intersected. Sulphides (pyrrhotite and pyrite) are visibly seen, consisting of approximately 5 per cent of the total rock volume. Sporadic intervals within the turbidite sequence, near the diorite, also contain minor sulphides within localized fractures. Nine samples from this drill hole were sent for analysis but results suggested “limited economic potential”. Only 2 samples were higher than 0.06 per cent copper; sample 3182 and 3183 graded 0.183 and 0.195 per cent copper respectively (Assessment Report 26638A)
During 1996 through 2009, approximately 21,000 metres of underground development was reported to have been completed, including exposure of the mineralized structures on seven levels along access drives and crosscuts. Underground work has consisted of development and sill drifting in mineralized material.
During 2001 through 2009, 41,047.2 metres of underground drilling and 42,060.6 metres of surface diamond drilling were completed on the property.
In July of 2010, a British Columbia Securities Commission panel ordered Ross Stanfield and his two mining companies, Bul River Mineral Corporation and Gallowai Metal Mining Corporation, to provide technical reports for the Bul River property. Gallowai and Bul River were both private companies with Mr. Stanfield owning all the voting shares. Approximately 229 million dollars from almost 3000 shareholders had been raised since 1980. Mr. Ross Stanfield died of natural causes in August of 2010.
From 2001 to 2013, various technical reports, scoping and internal reports were produced.
In 2011, verification sampling was undertaken by Moose Mountain Technical Services (MMTS) on behalf of Stanfield Mining Group and Gallowai Bul River Mine (Assessment Report 34090). Work done by MMTS in 2012 was mainly underground sampling of the vein on seven levels. As well, a further 55 drillholes were logged and sampled. The objective of the MMTS sampling program was to develop a more complete database so that a better-defined resource could be estimated.
In 2011 and 2012, Moose Mountain Technical Services completed additional drill core sampling, pulp re-assaying and underground sampling. An inferred resource of 746,000 tonnes grading 2.61 per cent copper, 16.40 grams per tonne silver, and 0.17 gram per tonne gold, using a 1.9 per cent copper equivalent cut-off grade and a minimum mining width of 3 metres, was reported (Bird, S. (2019-01-22): NI43-101 Technical Report - Gallowai-Bul River Resource Estimate).
In 2013, a further 1154.33 metres of underground drilling and surface drilling each are reported to have been completed on the property. An updated mineral resource was reported at 1.484 million tonnes indicated grading 1.42 per cent copper, 10.0 grams per tonne silver, and 0.30 gram per tonne gold with 1.732 million tonnes inferred grading 1.47 per cent copper, 11.4 grams per tonne silver and 0.40 gram per tonne gold, using a 0.6 per cent copper equivalent cut-off grade and no minimum mining width (Bird, S. (2019-01-22): NI43-101 Technical Report - Gallowai-Bul River Resource Estimate).
Until just before 2016, the property was held by Gallowai-Bul River Mine through a joint venture partnership, which was transferred to the Stanfield Mining Group (SMG). In December of 2014, all the mining properties were transferred from SMG to Purcell Basin Minerals Incorporated.
In 2016, a total of 320 b-horizon soil samples were collected from 23 survey lines during the 17 person-day field program on the Bull River Mine property (082GNW002). The 2016 geochemical survey highlighted several areas of the Don claim where anomalous concentrations of silver, copper, lead, and zinc occur in soil. The anomalous results occur in the vicinity of the Don (082GSW048) and Peacock (082GSW017) occurrences. The work was conducted by owner/operators Bul River Mineral Corporation and Purcell Basin Minerals (Assessment Report 36586).
In 2017, a NI43-101 technical report for Purcell Basin Minerals Inc. defined exploration targets peripheral to the copper ore body on the Bull River Mine property (Assessment Report 37195). This work was facilitated by the collection of 21 rock samples from underground workings, astrophysical characterization of the rocks samples and the processing of Dighem airborne EM (AEM) data acquired from 1991-1997. Processing and interpretation of the historic Dighem data identified several target areas of coincident EM and magnetic features which require follow-up exploration.
In November 2018, an updated mineral resource estimate for the Bul River deposit was reported at 2.179 million tonnes indicated grading 1.517 copper, 0.352 gram per tonne gold, and 12.2 grams per tonne silver; and 0.513 million tonnes inferred grading 1.279 per cent copper, 0.284 gram per tonne gold, and 8.7 grams per tonne silver, using a 0.6 per cent copper equivalent cut-off grade and a minimum mining width of 2.5 metres (Bird, S. (2019-01-22): NI43-101 Technical Report - Gallowai-Bul River Resource Estimate).
In 2018, on the Bull River Mine property held by Purcell Basin Minerals, a geological analysis of previously logged borehole core from Grand 10-05 was done and XRF sampling of a defined interval of interest was undertaken (Assessment Report 37552). The pXRF sampling demonstrated that there is no significant economic potential in borehole Grand 10-05. The geological investigation of borehole Grand-10-05 confirmed that the Grand Dike is the source of the north-south trending magnetic anomaly.
In 2018, a soil sampling program (258 samples collected) was undertaken on the Don and G Zone/Cedar claims (082GSW054) of the Bull River Mine property held by Purcell Basin Minerals (Assessment Report 37660). The analytical results obtained from the 2018 soil samples confirmed and enhanced the large zinc-silver-manganese-copper soil anomaly that is about 1300 metres long and 500 metres wide. The anomalous copper values from the 2018 samples extended the anomaly over 100 meters to the northeast where it remains open.
In 2018, geological mapping and sampling of the Rex (possibly 082GSW018 or 047) and G zones claims occurred, including 36 hectares of drone imaging, 9.6 line-kilometres of ground-based magnetic orientation survey on the Rex Claims and 3.2 line-kilometres of soil sampling on the Murray Lake Claims (Assessment Report 37983). Work completed at the G Zone (Cedar, 082GSW054), including mapping in the G Zone adit, did not yield any results of economic significance. Two field days spent completing geologic and geochemical surveys in the Murray Lake area also failed to return results of significance. The geophysics survey completed on the Rex zone highlighted a trend of high magnetic response which coincided in part with the mineralized vein.
In January 2019, all the former mineral claims of Ross Stanfield (Bull River Mine property) were transferred to 100 per cent by Braveheart Resources Inc.
In 2019, Braveheart completed 14 diamond-drill holes the Empire-Strathcona claims (ES-19-01 to ES-19-14) totaling 1388.61 metres) (Assessment Report 38526). The Empire Strathcona zone can be characterized by coarse grained interlocking siderite crystals, quartz (sometimes crosscutting), and variable amounts of pyrrhotite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. A footwall stockwork zone of smaller but similar veins, is often seen. The main vein is often highly fractured and sulphides in places are remobilized along fractures. a siderite-quartz-calcite fissure vein system which ranges in thickness from 0.25 to 5.5 metres. This vein system is hosted in the metasedimentary strata of the Aldridge formation and is variably enriched in copper and silver. The vein system was historically exposed along two adits and two rock cuts which are exposed from the top of a sharp ridge at 1417 metres, intermittently down the steep sidehill to elevation 1204 metres. Presently, only the rock cuts and the upper adit are accessible. The lower adit is caved. The program was reported as not being successful in duplicating historical grades attributed to the adit and mine workings above the 2019 drillhole vein intersects.
In 2019, drilling was completed by Braveheart Resources Inc. on their Bull River Mine property (mineral claims 1048930 and 1048988), on exploration targets referred to as the G Zone (082GSW054) and Rex Zone (082GSW047)) (Assessment Report 39163). Six NQ2 diamond-drill holes were completed on the upper G Zone from 2 drill pads totaling 501.02 metres. Only one hole (GZ-19-04) definitively intersected the target structure. The zone was intersected at 33.4 metres downhole for approximately 10 centimetres. The vein consisted of solid sulphide, mostly galena with some brown sphalerite and minor pyrite. Despite intersecting the targeted structure in hole GZ-19-04, the results could not be duplicated in the other drillholes. A 0.10-metre drill length graded 669 grams per tonne silver, 10 per cent lead, and 1.74 per cent zinc (Assessment Report 39163). Five NQ2 diamond-drill holes were completed on the Rex Zone structure for a total of 1196.33 metres. Several of the holes intersected significant core lengths of strong siderite-quartz-pyrrhotite veining with minor chalcopyrite. Veining exists principally as sheet veins and some stockwork. Pyrrhotite is the dominant species with subordinate pyrite and minor chalcopyrite. The vein zones are accompanied by sericite plus/minus chlorite alteration. Thus, vein zones represent both a structural and hydrothermal corridor. Despite intersecting significant zones of mineralized structure, the drilling did not produce any economical grades.
Dzick and Ghaymghamian (private report, 2013) reported that a total of 72,486.9 metres of underground drilling had been completed at the Bull River mine site for the period between 1996-2009. The 2013 report also states that from 1974 to 2009 over 100,000 metres of surface diamond drilling had been completed on the R.H. Stanfield Exploration Properties. However, Christman (2020) (Assessment Report 39163) was only able to account for 27,333.3 metres.
In December 2014, a restructuring plan was approved by the BC Supreme Court and SMG creditors. The restructuring plan included the transfer of all ("SMG") mining properties and assets, including 139 mineral claims, two mining leases, and a worker's campsite, to Purcell Basin Minerals Inc. (PBM). In January 2016, PBM submitted a Mines Act permit application for the re-start of the BRM. PBM was subsequently placed under creditor protection, and the Mines Act permitting process was placed on hold. The BRM has been under "Care and Maintenance" status since 2014. Annual reclamation reports have been filed with the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (MEMPR). A geotechnical inspection was completed in August 2016, and compliance inspections for electrical and health/safety were completed in March 2018. Braveheart Resources Inc. acquired Bul River Mineral Corporation and all its subsidiaries and assets, including the BRM property, in January of 2019. With most of the original infrastructure still in place and the expected modest capital requirements to mill existing ore stockpiles at the BRM, BRMC is actively working on submitting amendments to the Mines Act, and Environmental Management Act permits.
In 2020, Braveheart reported 5 diamond-drill holes intersected mineralized structures in the central portion of the South Vein at depths below 9 Level, which represents the deepest level of the mine about 350 metres below the elevation of the mine portal. The best drill results were recorded in DDH BRU20-05 which intercepted mineralized structures over a length of 5.21 metres with an estimated true width of 4.24 metres and located approximately 114 metres below 9 Level (Press Release, Braveheart Resources Inc., April 16, 2020).
In 2021, 6 holes were drilled to test the down dip extension of the vein systems under the current workings to demonstrate the potential of extending the current resource along strike and to depth. All six holes in the 2021 program were drilled from underground workings on 9 Level. All 6 holes intersected mineralized structures between 425 metres and 525 metres below the surface portal and between 75 metres and 175 metres below the lowest workings of the mine on 9 level. Cobalt mineralization was encountered in four drill holes with the assay grade grades ranging from 0.015 per cent to 0.033 per cent (Press Release, Braveheart Resources Inc., August 19, 2021)
In 2021, a new mineral resource was calculated for the Bull River Mine based on a 0.9 per cent copper equivalent cut-off grade for both indicated and inferred classifications (Press Release, Braveheart Resources Inc., December 8, 2021). An indicated resource of 2,261,000 tonnes grading 1.796 per cent copper, 0.422 gram per tonne gold, and 15.3 grams per tonne silver was estimated, with an overall copper equivalent value of 2.132 per cent. An inferred resource of 1,356,000 tonnes grading 1.598 per cent copper, 0.417 gram per tonne gold, and 13.6 gram per silver was estimated with an overall copper equivalent value of 1.918. The average thickness of both the Indicated and Inferred resource is 5.5 metres. (Bird, C. and Crowie, S.T. (2022-01-21): NI43-101 Technical Report, Report Estimate Update for the Bull River Project, on behalf of Braveheart Resources Inc.)
